Pile wall waterproofing construction is often conducted under disadvantageous environmental conditions (examples shown in Figure 2 below) that include high humidity and the presence of foreign substances and laitance. As the vertical wall surfaces of pile walls are rounded with multiple joints, high-quality and durable waterproofing materials are difficult to apply and require high-quality workmanship. In particular, the continuous joint movement of the pile walls can cause waterproofing materials to deform, crack, peel off or form various types of defects [17].
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